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We finally have evidence of active volcanoes on Venus

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Increase / A perspective view of Mount Maat on Venus based on Magellan radar data.

NASA/JPL

Venus is almost the same size, mass and density as the Earth. Thus, it must generate heat within itself (due to the decay of radioactive elements) at almost the same rate as the Earth. On Earth, one of the main ways this heat escapes is through volcanic eruptions. On average, at least 50 volcanoes erupt annually.

But despite decades of searching, we haven’t seen clear signs of volcanic eruptions on Venus – until now. New research geophysics Robert Herrick University of Alaska Fairbanks, which he reported this week at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in Houston and published in the journal Sciencefinally caught one of the planet’s volcanoes in action.

It is not easy to study the surface of Venus because it has a dense atmosphere, including a continuous cloud layer at an altitude of 45-65 km, which is opaque to most wavelengths of radiation, including visible light. The only way to get a detailed view of the ground above the clouds is to use a radar pointing down from an orbiting spacecraft.

Increase / Venus as seen in ultraviolet light by the Japanese Akatsuki spacecraft in December 2016. The surface is not visible.

ISAS/JAXA

A technique known as aperture synthesis is used to create an image of a surface. This combines the varying strengths of ground-reflected radar echoes, including the time delay between transmission and reception, as well as small frequency shifts corresponding to whether the spacecraft is approaching or moving away from the source of a particular echo. The resulting image looks like a black and white photograph, except that the brighter areas generally correspond to rougher surfaces, and the darker areas generally correspond to smoother surfaces.

A 140km-wide Magellan radar image of Venus showing lava flows (bright because they are rough) that have begun to encroach on an older impact crater.
Increase / A 140km-wide Magellan radar image of Venus showing lava flows (bright because they are rough) that have begun to encroach on an older impact crater.

NASA/JPL

NASA’s Magellan probe orbited Venus from August 1990 to October 1994 and used such radar techniques to map the planet’s surface with a spatial resolution of about a hundred meters at best. It showed that more than 80 percent of the surface is covered in lava flows, but how the youngest of them erupted recently, and whether any eruptions are still ongoing today, remained a mystery for the next three decades.

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NASA unveils new suit for astronauts on the Artemis lunar mission

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March 17, 2023

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A suit similar to the one the Artemis astronauts would wear on the Moon, but dyed black instead of white.

Axiom Cosmos

NASA has revealed the spacesuits that astronauts will wear on the Moon for the upcoming Artemis lunar missions, which will see the first woman and man of color reach the surface of the Moon.

“We haven’t had a new suit since the suits we designed for the Space Shuttle and these suits are currently in use on the space station – so for 40 years we have been using the same suit based on this technology. . said Vanessa Wych at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, at a March 15 press conference.

The new suit, built by private company Axiom Space for NASA, is designed to operate in the harsh environment of the moon’s south pole, where temperatures average around -13°C (9°F) but can drop hundreds of degrees. lower in craters in permanent shadow.

It will also have improved mobility over previous suits, weigh 55kg, about 25kg lighter than the suits worn by the Apollo astronauts, and have more custom joints for a greater range of motion. Since the suit has so many hinges, it is not easy to take it on and off. Astronauts will need to crawl through a hatch at the back of the suit to enter.

The suit also features a panel of lights above the helmet for working with instruments and scientific instruments in low light, as well as a high-definition camera so people on Earth can watch what the astronauts are doing.

Photos posted by Axiom Space show a suit with a black outer layer designed by Esther Marquis, costume designer from the Apple TV+ sci-fi series. For all mankind in Axiom brand colors. The suits worn on the Moon will be white to reflect heat and keep the astronauts at the right temperature.

If all goes according to schedule, NASA’s Artemis 3 mission will land the first woman and person of color on the Moon in 2025. Historically, space exploration, especially on the Moon, has been done almost exclusively by white men. Until last year, for example, the specific radiation risk for women had never been studied.

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Oust Labs French Bulldog Named Most Popular Dog Breed in the US

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March 17, 2023

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A a new breed of dog has won the hearts of Americans. While Labrador Retrievers have been the most popular pedigreed dog for a record 31 years, French Bulldogs, or “Frenchies” as enthusiasts call them, took the top spot for the first time in 2022, according to the American Kennel Club. announced March 15th.

But the choice is not without controversy. Veterinarians have long warned that the popularity of the breed is adding to their suffering. Like other wrinkly-faced dog breeds such as pugs and bulldogs, Frenchies suffer from a number of health issues related to their distinctive shape. And as their popularity soared and the price of a puppy soared into the thousands of dollars, veterinarians warned that there was an incentive to breed more dogs at the expense of their health.

Compared to many other purebred dogs, French Bulldogs are unusually susceptible to certain diseases, including spinal problems, childbirth difficulties and skin problems. One of the most serious problems is “brachycephalic obstructive respiratory system syndrome (BOAS)”, which makes it difficult for dogs to breathe. While some dog owners may find it normal for French Bulldogs to snort and wheeze, veterinarians warn this condition is detrimental to the quality of life of dogs and is associated with health problems such as gastroesophageal reflux, sleep problems, and hypertension, and may require lifelong health maintenance, including surgery. In accordance with one studyFrench Bulldogs are about 31 times more likely to suffer from obstructive airway syndrome than other dog breeds.

Some airlines, including American ones, even have prohibited all bulldogs and other snub-nosed dog breeds from cargo bays due to respiratory problems in puppies.

As French bulldogs become more popular, the number of dogs with BOAS is also increasing, warned Dr. Peter Sandø, director of the Companion Animal Welfare Center at the University of Copenhagen. statements through the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) released in February. The WSAVA stated that the popularity of short-nosed dogs has led to a “canine welfare crisis”.

“Selective breeding of exaggeratedly short noses has resulted in dogs whose health is in many cases compromised for the sake of seeming ‘cuteness’. It’s just unethical to breed dogs that have difficulty breathing,” Sando said.

A man holds a French Bulldog during the Westminster Kennel Club’s 144th Annual Dog Show on February 10, 2020 in New York City.

Stephanie Keith – Getty Images

Some animal organizations and welfare advocates are pushing for improved breeding practices to protect the health of French Bulldogs and other puppies. In 2021 United Kingdom Kennel Club updated his standard for French Bulldogs encourages breeders to avoid exaggerated features that could be detrimental to their health and to breed dogs with “well-defined muzzles” with prominently open nostrils.

The WSAVA urged breeders to prioritize raising animals without health concerns, including by testing the animals to make sure they can breathe or checking if they can go for a three-minute walk without trying to breathe.

Following the announcement of new standards in 2021, Dr. Laura Hamilton, a UK veterinarian, said in a statement through the kennel club that pet owners should be aware of dog health issues.

“These days, social media can often influence how dogs are bred, so we encourage all potential owners to fully research the breed before making any decisions, talk to experts, and find a responsible breeder who looks out for their health. dogs, she said.

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Drought in California has subsided, but the state is not yet out of the woods

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March 17, 2023

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An extremely wet winter has saved much of California from drought and more rain is ahead. This season’s heavy rains and snowfall have “destroyed an exceptional and extreme drought in California” for the first time since 2020, according to the agency. spring forecast published today by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

The agency predicts further improvements throughout the spring, with more regions potentially seeing their dry conditions come to an end. Despite this, California’s recovery will be uneven, and it will take years to replenish some important water sources. On recent storms have already shownthe state will continue to face new flood hazards.

“Climate change leads to both wet and dry extremes”

“Climate change is driving both wet and dry extremes, as evidenced by NOAA observations and data underlying this seasonal forecast,” NOAA administrator Rick Spinrad said in a statement.

Maps from USA Drought Monitor illustrate the Golden State’s dramatic transition from dry to wet in just a few months. In late December, closer to the start of the winter season, 100% of the state was at least “abnormally dry.”

More than a third of California has been colored bright red to show “extreme drought” conditions on the December 27 map on the left side of the slider below. In this week’s updated drought map, there is no red to the right of the slider. Just over half of the state is now “abnormally dry.”

a:hover]:text-gray-63 [&>a:hover]:shadow-underline-black dark:[&>a:hover]:text-gray-bd dark:[&>a:hover]:shadow-underline-gray [&>a]:shadow-underline-gray-63 dark:[&>a]:text-gray-bd dark:[&>a]:shadow-underline-gray”>Images: US Drought Monitor

Record snowfall was the hallmark of the season, which also helps alleviate the drought. The state relies on snowmelt to fill rivers and reservoirs during dry seasons. According to a recent study, the amount of water infiltrating snowpack across the state was 190 percent of the average in early March. grade Department of Water Resources (DWR).

While California needs water, the way it has hit the state this season has been devastating. Communities have been repeatedly hit by rain and snow due to severe storms arriving through river of water vapor high in the atmosphere. Heavy from snow, roofs hit the houses and grocery stores in mountain towns. The last storm left over 300 000 customers without electricity this week. It was the 11th atmospheric river storm to hit the state this season, and another. can get to california by Sunday.

Increased rainfall combined with melting snow puts the state at risk of more flooding this spring, NOAA said in a forecast. It’s too early to tell what an incredibly wet winter will mean for California’s wildfires this year, state climatologist Michael Anderson said at DWR. briefing yesterday. It depends on a variety of factors, including how quickly the snow cover melts, how quickly the landscape dries out, and the timing of spring plant growth and subsequent drying.

California is experiencing “three years of extraordinary drought, and that’s just in our rearview mirror,” Anderson said. In the future, water scarcity will continue to be a problem. States groundwater basinsconsisting of underground aquifers, it will take more than one rainy season to replenish them.

Moreover, Southern California receives a lot of its water from the Colorado River Basin, which has suffered from drought for more than 20 years and is still at the center of heated negotiations over how states would share his dwindling supply.

“We have seen some pretty fantastic weather and we have seen conditions improve in many places. We still have some lingering implications that challenge California,” Anderson said at a briefing yesterday.

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